Pam’s Perspective
Pam Otto is the Manager of Nature Programs and Interpretive Services for the St. Charles Park District
Boy, talk about a honey of a deal.
At a time when most insects are whiling away the hours in some sort of inactive state, be it egg, larva, pupa or adult, as well as a time when many bugs have checked out completely, our local honey bees are alive and well, and living in climate-controlled comfort.
Okay, maybe the term “comfort” is pushing things a little. These social insects are working their (honey) buns off. But it’s all for a good cause: They’re keeping their queen—the reproductive bee that ensures the colony’s future—at summer-like temperatures as warm as 95F.
That’s right, when the thermometer dips down below freezing, like it did this past week, honeybees in the center of a hive are warm and toasty. When the mercury drops below zero, like it’s sure to do this winter, the bees will be balmy, bordering on hot. Probably a little sticky, too.
How do they do it? Sure, honeybees’ bodies are fuzzy, but they lack the luxurious fur coats our mammals grow. They don’t put on extra layers of fat, nor do they grow downy feathers.
The secret to this amazing feat lies in the bees’ ability to generate heat…by shivering.
Like it or not, shivering is a great way to warm up. As humans, we tend to reach for another sweater or blanket the first instant we feel a chill. But animals don’t have that option.
In bees, the shiver is produced in the flight muscles. The muscles that move wings up and the muscles that move wings down contract at the same time. The results are a) wings that don’t move at all, because the movements cancel each other out and b) heat, produced as a byproduct of that exertion, as energy is metabolized.
So how do the bees fuel this internal fire? With honey, of course. A decent-sized colony of bees with, let’s say, a few tens of thousands of individuals, can produce around 200 lbs. of honey over spring, summer and fall. Just as we store up firewood to be burned for warmth, the honeybees store up honey to be eaten, then turned into heat.
Even though 200 lbs. is a lot of honey (shoot, I’ve had the same 16-oz. honey-bear squeeze bottle for over three years) the bees nonetheless tap into it prudently. Instead of immediately turning on the shiver, a response that requires lots of fuel to maintain, they first will form a tight cluster, effectively sealing in the queen and insulating her from the cold.
Bees on the outer edges of the cluster, known as mantle bees, will feel the cold and start shivering first. But when the outside temperatures really drop, even bees deep inside the cluster will shiver to keep the cold at bay.
Having the right home doesn’t hurt either. Our wild honeybees are cavity dwellers. (Note I didn’t say native honeybees—although they’ve lived here for a couple hundred years, honeybees are still considered nonnative, having arrived in North America aboard the first ships packed with European settlers.)
Ideally, like the bees in Winnie the Pooh’s honey tree in Hundred Acre Woods, they’ll hole up in a hollow tree, where layers of wood and bark provide protection from the elements. But sometimes they’ll opt for more unconventional locales, like the space between the walls in a house. Or, once, the gap behind the sign on the Target store in Batavia. (I guess even bees know to “Expect more…”)
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At the St. Charles Park District’s Hickory Knolls Natural Area (formerly the West Side Community Park Natural Area and, way back when, Campton Hills Park) we’ve so far found three bee trees, two oaks and a hickory with cavities deemed suitable by separate honeybee colonies.
We’ll be keeping an eye on them this winter, and I hope you will too. Thing is, it’s tough to explain their location. And, gee whiz, I’m out of time and space for this week’s column. I don’t like to do this—in fact, I used to hate it when TV shows did it—but I’m going to ask you to turn to this page next week, when we’ll explain just how to find honeybees in winter. Stay tuned!
Say, many thanks to all of you who took the time to write or call in with your opinions on our “mystery tree” in the Pottawatomie Native Plant Garden. And a special thanks to Jack Shouba, who not only emailed but also stopped by and brought “visual aids” from a similar tree at the Morton Arboretum.
Our consensus is that the tree is a Quercus acutissima, or sawtooth oak. It’s an imported species native to Korea, China and Japan and, although it’s listed as a potentially invasive plant in some states, to date ours hasn’t even produced any acorns. Now we need to solve a perhaps even bigger mystery—what to do with an Asian tree in an Illinois native plant garden? Stay tuned on this one too…
Pam Otto is the manager of nature programs and interpretive services for the St. Charles Park District. She can be reached at potto@stcparks.org or 630-513-4346.